CSI DIVISIONS 01: General Requirements 02: Existing Conditions 03: Concrete 04: Masonry 05: Metals 06: Wood, Plastics, and Composites 07: Thermal and Moisture Protection 08: Openings 09: Finishes 10: Specialties 11: Equipment 12: Furnishings 13: Special Construction 14: Conveying Equipment 22: Plumbing 22 00 00: Plumbing 22 01 40: Operation and Maintenance of Plumbing Fixtures 22 07 00: Plumbing Insulation 22 11 16: Domestic Water Piping 22 13 00: Sanitary Sewerage, Facilities 22 13 16: Sanitary Waste and Vent Piping 22 14 00: Facility Storm Drainage 22 16 00: Graywater Systems 22 32 00: Domestic Water Filtration Equipment 22 33 03: Heat-Pump Water Heaters 22 34 01: Fuel-Fired Residential Water Heaters 22 34 02: Fuel-Fired Commercial Water Heaters 22 35 00: Domestic Water Heat Exchangers 22 35 43: Domestic Water Heat Reclaimers 22 36 00: Domestic Water Heaters 22 41 13: Residential Toilets 22 41 14: Composting Toilet Systems 22 41 15: Residential Urinals 22 41 16: Residential Lavatories and Sinks 22 41 39: Residential Faucets, Controls, and Trim 22 41 42: Residential Showerheads 22 42 00: Commercial Plumbing Fixtures 22 42 13: Commercial Toilets 22 42 14: Commercial Composting Toilet Systems 22 42 15: Commercial Urinals 22 42 39: Commercial Faucets, Controls, and Trim 22 42 42: Commercial Showerheads 22 42 43: Flushometers 22 47 16: Pressure Water Coolers 22 51 00: Swimming Pool Plumbing Systems 23: Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) 26: Electrical 27: Communications 28: Electronic Safety and Security 31: Earthwork 32: Exterior Improvements 33: Utilities 34: Transportation 35: Waterway and Marine Construction 42: Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment 48: Electrical Power Generation

CSI Section 22 42 13: Commercial Toilets

Since 1992, federal law has mandated that nearly all new toilets use no more than 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf)– the exception being commercial blow-out toilets, which are still allowed to use 3.5 gallons in some states.

As toilet flushing is the largest single use of water in most residential and commercial buildings, water savings from toilet replacement is very significant. In addition to improvements to the traditional gravity system, pressure- and vacuum-assisted flushing systems have been developed that offer superior performance, albeit with the addition of some noise.

Dual-flush toilets have been available for years overseas and are now making inroads in the U.S. These save additional water by making two flushes available: one for solid wastes and a lower-volume flush for liquids and paper.

Products listed here must meet the minimum standards of the Uniform North American Requirements (UNAR) for toilets, which includes elements of the Maximum Performance (MaP) flush-quality testing protocol and Los Angeles Supplementary Purchase Specification (SPS), which discourages the use of toilets that might be adjusted to use significantly more water.

In addition, products listed here use at least 20% less than the federal minimum of 1.6 gallons (6 liters) per flush—that is, 1.28 gallons (4.8 liters) or less. The toilet must also evacuate at least 350 grams of solid waste per flush, as tested under the Maximum Performance (MaP) protocol. Toilets that are included without MaP testing are extremely low-water use or have other unique green features. For dual-flush toilets, we factor water savings by averaging the high and low volume flush levels. Other factors considered in GreenSpec evaluations include bowl washing effectiveness and water surface area.

(See also 22 41 13 - Residential Toilets.)

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	California Governor Vetoes High-Efficiency Toilets EBN: Newsbrief - November 2006		California Bill Would Mandate High-Efficiency Toilets EBN: What's Happening - June 2006
	Kohler Highline 1.1-gpf Toilet EBN: Product Review - February 2006		News on the Toilet Testing Front EBN: What's Happening - February 2006
	Zurn Introduces Flood of Water-Conserving Products EBN: Product Review - January 2006		Aquia Dual-Flush Toilet from Toto EBN: Product Review - November 2005

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Airvac Vacuum Sewer Systems Airvac Adelaide 270 Dual-Flush Toilets Caroma USA, Inc. Bondi Dual-Flush Toilets Caroma USA, Inc. Brisbane Dual-Flush Toilets Caroma USA, Inc. Caravelle 270 Dual-Flush Toilets Caroma USA, Inc.	Airvac Vacuum Sewer Systems Airvac
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Books
	Handbook of Water Use and Conservation: Homes, Landscapes, Businesses, Industries, Farms by Amy Vickers (2001)

ARTICLES California Governor Vetoes High-Efficiency Toilets EBN: Newsbrief - November 2006 More articles PRODUCTS Airvac Vacuum Sewer Systems More products BIBLIOGRAPHY Handbook of Water Use and Conservation : Homes, Landscapes, Businesses, Industries, Farms by Amy Vickers (2001)